Week of January 12

Week of January 12

The Iron Triangle was a largely Communist-controlled region of South Vietnam from which Việt Cộng forces could launch attacks against nearby Sài Gòn and other targets in the vicinity. Past attempts to clear the area of Việt Cộng bases had been largely unsuccessful, and MACV commander General William C. Westmoreland resolved to launch a much larger effort in the region.

American forces chose a large “hammer and anvil” tactical approach to accomplish their mission. In the days prior to January 8, a blocking force of troops positioned itself along the Sông Sài Gòn (Saigon River), in the southern region of the Tam Giác Sắt (Iron Triangle). Then, on January 8 and 9, armored cavalry and airborne units assaulted into the region from the east, planning to use rapid airmobile and ground maneuvers to move through the triangle—largely stripped of vegetation and ostensibly cleared of civilians—pushing enemy troops west and south toward the “anvil” of blocking forces. CEDAR FALLS was the largest offensive operation of the Vietnam War to date.

During the sweep, allied forces quickly moved to control the village of Bến Súc, the known central hub of Việt Cộng activity in the Tam Giác Sắt (Iron Triangle). American and South Vietnamese forces largely demolished the village, locating and destroying a large underground tunnel complex. Approximately 6,000 villagers, most of whom were children, were forcibly removed and resettled at a refugee camp near Phú Cường. The “hammer” sweep through the area continued for nearly three weeks, with frequent but fleeting engagements and ambushes against small groups of Việt Cộng forces. These troops, who had few effective defensive positions, declined to stand and fight a pitched battle against superior allied firepower and numbers, preferring instead to escape the region and save their main strength.

Operation CEDAR FALLS ended on January 26, 1967. The search-and-destroy tactics that U.S. forces used in the operation became models for subsequent offensives, including improved procedures for clearing landing zones, greater integration of combat troops and engineers to deny enemy forces jungle cover, and refining techniques for the destruction of large Việt Cộng tunnel complexes.

For their part, Communist forces had largely escaped the area, evidence that they, too, continued to refine the tactics that proved effective for much of the war: refuse to commit large numbers of men to combat against a technologically superior military force, thereby avoiding potentially crippling losses of personnel while wearing down allied forces. In the months that followed, many of the Việt Cộng soldiers were able to return to the Tam Giác Sắt (Iron Triangle) to fight another day.1

1Graham A. Cosmas, MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967, United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2006), 407, 421–422; George L. MacGarrigle, Combat Operations: Taking the Offensive, October 1966–October 1967, The United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, 1998), 96–112, page 111 for free-fire areas; Spencer C. Tucker, ed. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd ed. (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC CLIO, 2011), 100–101, 180–181. Operation CEDAR FALLS and the destruction of Ben Suc, while perhaps militarily justifiable, received much public criticism.


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Saigon and the Iron Triangle Map

Map of South Vietnam and the vicinity of Sài Gòn and the Tam Giác Sắt (Iron Triangle). The southwestern border of the triangle is bordered by the Sông Sài Gòn (Saigon River). (U.S. Army)

Members of the U.S. Army 11th Armored Cavalry

Members of the U.S. Army 11th Armored Cavalry patrolling in the Thanh Dien forest during Operation CEDAR FALLS, January 1967. (U.S. Army)

Preparing a Helicopter Landing Zone

U.S. troops preparing a helicopter landing zone during Operation CEDAR FALLS, January 1967. (U.S. Army)