Week of October 20

Week of October 20

The United States’ road to war in Vietnam began as early as 1945 and proceeded slowly and step by step, decision by decision, until 1965 when U.S. combat troops began fighting for the first time—a span of twenty years encompassing four presidents. American civilian and military leaders assumed that each step and decision they took brought them closer to a stable non-Communist South Vietnam. But this ultimate goal always remained elusive, as each successive measure of commitment from the United States was countered by North Vietnam and the Communist insurgency in the South.

When John F. Kennedy assumed office in 1960, he hoped that the challenges in Southeast Asia could be successfully met by the U.S.-backed government in Saigon, led by President Ngô Đình Diệm, with the support of just a few thousand American military advisers and a minimum of commitment from the United States. Kennedy’s hopes were quickly disappointed, however.

Throughout 1960 and 1961, the Communist leadership in North Vietnam saw an opportunity to escalate attacks and further destabilize the regime in the South. Communist infiltration into South Vietnam increased dramatically, and by fall of 1961 the Việt Cộng insurgency had grown into a force of approximately 15,000 members. South Vietnam’s armed forces remained relatively ineffective in guerrilla warfare, and the country seemed headed toward collapse.

In dire need of good information and intelligence on the situation in Southeast Asia, President Kennedy charged his military adviser General Maxwell D. Taylor with a fact-finding mission to assess the situation in South Vietnam in early October 1961. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Walt Rostow was assigned to go as well, serving as Taylor’s aide. The Taylor-Rostow fact-finding mission arrived in Saigon on October 18, 1961.

The Taylor-Rostow group spent most of their time in Sài Gòn. After talking to numerous South Vietnamese civilian and military officials, including President Ngô Đình Diệm and his brother Ngô Đình Nhu, the group issued a report to President Kennedy in early November. It noted that South Vietnam remained under serious threat from the Communist insurgency and recommended an expansion of the American alliance with South Vietnam, transforming it into a “limited partnership” in which the United States would provide increased material aid, new military equipment, and more advisers to help train the expanding South Vietnamese Army and security forces. Additionally, the Taylor group recommended sending 8,000 U.S. Soldiers to Vietnam. In order to avoid the impression that these troops constituted an escalation in U.S. involvement, Taylor suggested deploying them under the pretext of humanitarian aid for recent flood damage in the Đồng bằng Sông Cửu Long (Mekong Delta).

President Kennedy ultimately declined to send the 8,000 troops, but he approved the majority of the Taylor report’s other recommendations. This proved to be a crucial point along America’s road to war in Vietnam. Kennedy’s advisers were deeply divided over what to do in Vietnam, and the Taylor-Rostow report pushed Kennedy toward greater intervention as he sunk additional U.S. investments in money, time, and people into anti-Communist causes in Southeast Asia. This greatly increased the chance of even further entanglement in the conflict during the years ahead, as South Vietnam’s situation steadily worsened—growing precarious for many complicated reasons. The Kennedy administration’s decision to increase rather than decrease U.S. involvement through economic and military aid and advisers, while also continuing to support an increasingly unpopular Diệm government in Sài Gòn, moved the United States closer than ever to taking responsibility for the war and the survival of South Vietnam as a nation.1

1Edward Miller, Misalliance: Ngo Dinh Diem, the United States, and the Fate of South Vietnam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 228–229; Lawrence S. Kaplan, Ronald D. Landa, and Edward J. Drea, The McNamara Ascendancy, 1961–1965, History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense Volume V (Washington, D.C.: Historical Office of the Secretary of Defense, 2006), 270–274; George C. Herring, America’s Longest War: The United States and Vietnam, 1950–1975, (4th edition; New York: McGraw-Hill, 2002), 96–102; Graham A. Cosmas, United States Army in Vietnam: MACV: The Joint Command in the Years of Escalation, 1962–1967, United States Army in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, 2006), 20.


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December 17
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December 10
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December 3
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November 26
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November 19
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November 12
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November 5
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October 29
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October 22
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October 15
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October 8
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October 1
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September 24
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September 17
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September 10
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September 3
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August 27
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August 20
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August 13
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August 6
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July 30
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July 23
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July 16
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July 9
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July 2
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June 25
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June 18
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June 11
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June 4
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May 28
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May 21
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May 14
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April 30
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April 23
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April 16
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April 9
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April 2
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March 26
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March 19
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March 12
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March 5
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February 12
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Maxwell Taylor and President John Kennedy

Maxwell D. Taylor and President John F. Kennedy in the White House, June 28, 1961. (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum)

Walt Rostow

Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs Walt Rostow, pictured here on April 28, 1961, at his desk in the White House, accompanied General Taylor to Sài Gòn. (John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum)

US Air Force B-26

A U.S. Air Force B-26 flies over Vietnam as part of Operation FARM GATE, circa November 1961. FARM GATE was a U.S. operation to train South Vietnamese military pilots. American pilots also secretly flew combat missions themselves as part of the operation. FARM GATE was part of the new American assistance to South Vietnam initiated by the Taylor-Rostow report. (U.S. Air Force)

CH-21 Shawnee Helicopters

U.S. Army CH-21 Shawnee helicopters under protective coverings aboard a U.S. Navy carrier en route to South Vietnam, circa early 1962. The helicopters were part of the increased military aid to South Vietnam in the wake of the Taylor-Rostow report. (U.S. Army)