Week of May 2

On April 29, 1975, American leaders initiated Operation FREQUENT WIND, the final American evacuation of Vietnam. The North Vietnamese Army was at last closing in on Saigon, and United States Embassy personnel and a number of Vietnamese urgently boarded aircraft for evacuation to U.S. Navy vessels stationed off the coast. About 800 U.S. Marines helped facilitate the evacuation. Four of them were killed in the line of duty while doing so. These four men were the last American casualties in Vietnam.

With American combat forces gone since 1973, the North Vietnamese Army had used the ensuing two years to rebuild their strength. For the fourth time since 1968, they launched a massive spring offensive against the South in 1975. Many South Vietnamese troops fought bravely, but they had little success in stopping or even slowing the Communist advance. South Vietnamese president Nguyen Van Thieu ordered a partial retreat and the formation of a new defensive line further to the south, but shortly afterward South Vietnam’s lines disintegrated and North Vietnamese tanks, trucks, and troops streamed toward Saigon in mid-April. It was clear they would take the city.

The United States recognized the imminent collapse and began Operation FREQUENT WIND, the plan to emergently evacuate remaining Americans and many South Vietnamese civilians and officials from Saigon. Just weeks earlier, they had performed a similar evacuation from Cambodia, known as Operation EAGLE PULL, in time to avoid the arrival of the Communist Khmer Rouge in the capital city of Phnom Penh. Many of the same pilots and security forces who had been instrumental in safely evacuating personnel from Cambodia were on standby in Vietnam to do the same—to be the last lifeline out for thousands of Americans and Vietnamese.

Initially, U.S. officials directed everyone to Tan Son Nhut Air Base, just outside Saigon. Fixed-wing aircrafts could transport large numbers of people at once, as opposed to helicopters, which were limited by weight restrictions to just a handful of people per trip. But the North Vietnamese understood the importance of Tan Son Nhut in this respect as well, and they sent a splinter force to attack and overrun the air base. Approximately 800 Marines were all that was left of U.S. troops in Vietnam in 1975. They were there to provide security for and protect the U.S. Embassy and its contingent in Saigon. They were called upon for that duty during FREQUENT WIND, and a number of Marines were sent to Tan Son Nhut.

Two of those Marines were Corporal Charles McMahon, Jr., and Lance Corporal Darwin Judge, both from Company E of the Marine Corps Security Guard Battalion. McMahon was from Woburn, Massachusetts, and was less than a month away from his 22nd birthday. He had been in Vietnam for 10 days. Lance Corporal Judge was just 19, having graduated from Marshaltown High School, in Iowa, less than a year earlier. Lance Corporal Judge had been just 9 years old when American combat forces first deployed to Vietnam in 1965, and now he was there for the end. McMahon and Judge were operating a security checkpoint at Tan Son Nhut when, at about 4:00 am, the North Vietnamese began shelling the air base. One North Vietnamese mortar struck their checkpoint dead-on, and both Marines were killed instantly. They became the last Americans to die on the ground in Vietnam.

The North Vietnamese attack on Tan Son Nhut succeeded in cratering the base’s runways, making further evacuation by fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The only way out of Saigon on April 29, 1975, was in a boat or a helicopter. U.S. Navy, Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps helicopters spent the next 24 hours attempting to get thousands of people out of the city to Navy vessels waiting just off the coast.

During the evacuation, some Vietnamese military and civilian pilots managed to commandeer unused helicopters and fly themselves out. As Saigon slouched into panic, anyone with flying experience boarded any aircraft they could find in an attempt to escape. Most managed to reach the U.S. Seventh Fleet, but some of them—either because they were low on fuel or had no experience landing on the deck of a pitching aircraft carrier, were forced to ditch in the sea.

In order to rescue these people from the water, the U.S. assigned so-called Angel Flights to circle in the area around the carriers, in position to make an immediate rescue attempt. Among the Angel Flight aviators that day were two Marines from Marine Medium Helicopter Squadron 164, based aboard the USS Hancock: Captain William Nystul and First Lieutenant Michael Shea. Nystul was from Coronado, California. At 29 years old, he had been pulled from his duty station in Pensacola, Florida, where he served as a fixed-wing flight instructor, to come help with FREQUENT WIND. First Lieutenant Shea, Nystul’s copilot that day, was a 25-year-old from El Paso, Texas. He was an experienced helicopter pilot, though he had completed very few flight hours in the tandem-rotor CH-46 Sea Knight that he and Nystul were flying.

The specific helicopter the two Marines piloted that day had been in the air continuously—landing only every few hours to refuel—for seven hours by the time they relieved the previous crew. Nystul and Shea would keep it flying for an additional 10 hours. Two additional men filled out the CH-46’s crew: crew chief Corporal Stephen Wills and mechanic Corporal Richard Scott.

For the rest of the afternoon and into the night, Nystul and Shea circled the Hancock amid the flurry of air traffic moving to and from Saigon and elsewhere. According to the crew chief, Stephen Wills, they had already experienced several near-mid-air collisions by then. Late in the afternoon, Captain Nystul saw the helicopter’s low-fuel light come on, and he radioed for clearance to land and refuel. No one is sure exactly what happened over the following few seconds, but a nearby aircraft unexpectedly lurched too close to the helicopter’s tail. As Nystul turned to avoid a collision, the Sea Knight suddenly lost altitude and plunged into the water. Corporal Wills—who later could not recall the actual crash but remembered regaining consciousness underwater—managed to inflate his emergency life vest, as did Corporal Scott. After 45 minutes of waiting in the water through several aborted rescue attempts, Wills and Scott, severely wounded, were finally pulled to safety. Captain Nystul and Lieutenant Shea were never found. It is likely they never escaped the sinking wreckage of their CH-46. They were the last American casualties in Vietnam.

During the two days of Operation FREQUENT WIND, U.S. helicopters managed to evacuate over 7,000 people from Saigon before the North Vietnamese Army overran the city. The evacuees were transported to ships of the U.S. Seventh Fleet offshore, including the USS Okinawa, Hancock, Dubuque, Denver, Duluth, Mobile, Peoria, and Vancouver, among others. Operation FREQUENT WIND ended on April 30, 1975, though U.S. vessels remained on-station and continued to pick up thousands of refugees escaping Vietnam by sea in the following days. The departure of the Seventh Fleet thereafter marked the conclusion of three decades of American involvement in Vietnam.

The remains of Lance Corporal Darwin Lee Judge and Corporal Charles McMahon, Jr., were repatriated to the United States in 1976. Judge, who was an Eagle Scout, has been memorialized with a scholarship established in his name for Eagle Scouts in his hometown of Marshaltown, Iowa. McMahon, a well-liked fixture at his local Boys and Girls Club of Woburn, Massachusetts, was also memorialized with a $1,000 scholarship for the Top Boy or Top Girl at the club. The remains of Captain William Craig Nystul and First Lieutenant Michael John Shea were never recovered. Those who served with them have made attempts to fund an effort to retrieve them from where they sank in the South China Sea in April 1975. All four men are also memorialized on Panel 1W, Line 124, of the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Wall in Washington, D.C.1


1George R. Dunham, The Bitter End, 1973–1975, U.S. Marines in Vietnam (Washington, D.C.: Marine Corps History and Museums Division, 1990); Edward J. Marolda, By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U.S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia (Washington, D.C.: Naval Historical Center, 1994); Spencer C. Tucker, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2nd edition; Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2011); Mai Việt Hà, Steel and Blood: South Vietnamese Armor and the War for Southeast Asia (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2008); Alan H. Barbour, “YT-14: The Last Helicopter Lost in the Republic of Vietnam,” Yankee-Tango 14 Recovery Project (accessed 4/24/19); Jim Kavanagh, “Buddies, Hometowns Honor Last Two Marines Killed in Vietnam War,” CNN, April 29, 2010 (accessed 4/24/19); “Wall of Faces,” Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (accessed 4/24/19).


 


Previous This Week in History Articles

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Private First Class Lewis Albanese, U.S. Army (VVMF) Week of
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Sergeant First Class Lawrence Joel Week of
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On October 8, 1969, Marine Corps Staff Sergeant Williams O. Jackson heard of a unit of Marines at a remote outpost near the Laos border in dire need of ammunition and supplies. The convoy assigned to deliver them, however, would need to go by a dangerous route,...
Captain, Kenneth Earl Walker, U.S. Air Force (VVMF) Week of
 October 3
On October 2, 1964, U.S. Air Force Captain Kenneth E. Walker and his South Vietnamese copilot were flying an air support mission in an A-1 Skyraider for South Vietnamese ground forces near the coast of Vinh Binh Province. The two men successfully dropped their...
Warrant Officer Steven R. Hanson, U.S. Army (VVMF) Week of
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On September 24, 1971, Warrant Officer Steven Hanson was piloting his OH-6 Cayuse scout helicopter on a mission over Quang Tri, South Vietnam. As he and his two crewmen made a low pass over a target, their OH-6 was hit by small arms fire and crippled....
Major Dean A. Klenda, U.S. Air Force (VVMF) Week of
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Sergeant Donald Sidney Skidgel, U.S. Army Week of
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Lance Corporal Bobby Gene Kinkle Week of
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Private First Class George C. Kilbuck, U.S. Arm Week of
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Lieutenant JG Richard Christian Sather, U.S. Navy Week of
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Data Systems Tech 2nd Class Stephen Louis Hock, U.S. Navy Week of
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Lieutenant Colonel Roscoe Henry Fobair, U.S. Air Force Week of
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Lieutenant Colonel Andre C. Lucas, U.S. Army Week of
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Master Sergeant Chester M. Ovnand, U.S. Army Week of
July 11
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Private First Class Melvin E. Newlin Week of
July 4 
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Private First Class Oscar Reina Juarez, U.S. Marine Corps Week of
June 27
On June 28, 1968, I Company, 3d Battalion of the 27th Marines, 1st Marine Division, was on a patrol in Quang Nam Province. Walking fourth and fifth in line with their platoon were Private First Class Oscar Juarez and Petty Officer Third Class George L. Myers, Jr.,...
Specialist 4 William R. Bonner Week of
June 20
On June 20, 1970, the men of a reconnaissance platoon from the 198th Infantry Brigade, Americal Division of the U.S. Army, were on a night patrol in Quang Ngai Province, South Vietnam, searching for signs of Communist forces. As the platoon silently worked...
Specialist 5 Johnny Arthur Week of
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On June 10, 1971, four UH-1 “Huey” helicopters—two transports and two gunship escorts—were flying cover for a ground mission near Pleiku, South Vietnam. As the helicopters flew low over the thick jungle canopy, one of them burst into flames, hit by ground...
Photo of Captain Jackie Lee Dickins Week of
June 6
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Sergeant Charles C. Fleek Week of
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Sergeant Alfred Lee

Week of
May 23

In the mid-morning sunlight of May 21, 1967, a column of U.S. Army armored personnel carriers (APCs) moved out from the small village of Soui Cat, in Long Khanh Province, South Vietnam. The column was on a routine supply mission, and, at first, all seemed calm as the...
Photo of the merchant ship SS Mayaguez (unknown date) Week of
May 16
Less than two weeks after the fall of Saigon to North Vietnamese forces, and less than a month after the Khmer Rouge captured the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh, Cambodian Communist troops forcibly seized an American merchant ship, the SS Mayaguez,...
Private First Class Kenneth Michael Kays Week of
May 9
On May 7, 1970, in Thua Thien Province, South Vietnam, Private First Class Kenneth Kays earned the Medal of Honor for heroism in combat. He did so by saving the lives of three fellow soldiers during a North Vietnamese night attack on Fire Support Base Maureen, all...
Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge Week of
May 2
On April 29, 1975, American leaders initiated Operation FREQUENT WIND, the final American evacuation of Vietnam. The North Vietnamese Army was at last closing in on Saigon, and United States Embassy personnel and a number of Vietnamese urgently boarded...
Torpedoman Third Class Fuhrman Week of
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In the early morning darkness of April 23, 1965, a seven-man Marine Force Reconnaissance team disembarked a landing craft and waded ashore not far from Da Nang, in Quang Nam Province. Their mission was to probe for contact with Communist insurgents and scout the...
Lieutenant JG Michael Zerbe Week of
April 18
On the morning of April 15, 1966, a Navy UH-2 helicopter piloted by Lieutenant JG Michael Zerbe slowly lifted off the flight deck of the USS Kitty Hawk, somewhere in the South China Sea. He and two other crewmen were putting the UH-2 Seasprite through its paces,...
Chief Warrant Officer Horst Week of
April 11
On April 7, 1972, the North Vietnamese Army launched an attack on the South Vietnamese city of An Loc as part of their ongoing “Easter Offensive” then raging across the country. The Communist battalion that moved toward An Loc appeared so suddenly that a number of...
Major George Craig Smith Week of
April 4
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CIA Officer Barbara A. Robbins Week of
March 28
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Master Sergeant Barbara J. Dulinsky Week of
March 21
On March 18, 1967, U.S. Marine Master Sergeant Barbara J. Dulinsky arrived at Bien Hoa Air Force Base, just outside of Saigon, after an 18-hour flight. She became the first woman Marine in history to be assigned to a combat zone. Dulinsky volunteered for a...
A Hmong soldier Week of
March 14
This week we take a moment to honor the service and sacrifice of a group of crucial U.S. allies during the Vietnam War: the Hmong. An indigenous group from Laos and traditionally anti-Communist, the Hmong were recruited by the CIA to wage a guerrilla war against...
Specialist 4 Norman Joseph Buell Week of
March 7
On March 4, 1966, in the Tuy Hoa Valley of Phu Yen Province, two U.S. Army companies from the 101st Airborne Division engaged in a firefight with North Vietnamese forces in the village of My Phu. The day of fighting resulted in the deaths of 19 Americans, one of...
Private First Class Willie Ruff Week of
February 28
The battle of Khe Sanh is one of the most well-known battles of the Vietnam War. During the 1968 Tet Offensive, as many as 30,000 Communist Vietnamese forces surrounded roughly 6,000 U.S. marines defending a combat base on a high hill outside Khe Sanh....
Private First Class Oscar Palmer Austin Week of
February 21
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This photo of the aftermath of the explosion was taken from a French news report about the bombing, February 11, 1965. Week of
February 14
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Painting of Sergeant First Class Eugene Ashley, Jr., Company C, 5th Special Forces Group (Airborne), 1st Special Forces. Week of
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Captain Harley H. Hall, U.S. Navy Week of
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January 21
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First Lieutenant Dean Arthur Taylor, Jr., U.S. Army. (VVMF) Week of January 7 Week of
January 7
On January 7, 1966 U.S. and Australian Army forces launched Operation CRIMP, a massive, joint search and destroy operation in a region about 25 miles northwest of Saigon. Their objective was to locate and destroy the Viet Cong headquarters and stronghold...
Week of December 24 Week of
December 24
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Week of December 17 Week of
December 17
In December 1965 the U.S. Marine Corps fought its second large-scale engagement against a main force Viet Cong unit: Operation HARVEST MOON. By mid-November, the 1st Viet Cong Regiment had recovered from the losses it sustained in Operation STARLITE,...
Week of December 10 Week of
December 10
On December 6, 1968, the U.S. Navy launched Operation GIANT SLINGSHOT, with the goal of eliminating Communist infiltration of South Vietnam along the Vam Co Dong and Vam Co Tay rivers, near the Cambodian border—a region known as the “Parrot’s...
Week of December 3 Week of
December 3
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Week of November 26 Week of
November 26
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November 19
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Week of November 12 Week of
November 12
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Week of November 5 Week of
November 5
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Week of October 29 Week of
October 29
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Week of October 22 Week of
October 22
On October 23, 1972, after five months of intensive bombing, President Richard M. Nixon ordered an end to the air campaign over North Vietnam known as Operation...
Week of October 15 Week of
October 15
Paul Hellstrom Foster was born in April 1939 in San Mateo, California. He joined the Marine Corps in San Francisco at the age of 22, in November 1961. Foster deployed to Vietnam at the end of 1966 and eventually was...
Week of October 8 Week of
October 8
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Week of October 1 Week of
October 1
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Week of September 24 Week of
September 24
On September 21, 1971, nearly 200 U.S. Air Force fighter and fighter-bomber aircraft launched an airstrike against three gasoline storage facilities just south of Dong Hoi, North...
Week of September 17 Week of
September 17
In late 1969, 27-year-old Staff Sergeant Melvin Morris was commanding a Mobile Strike Force team from the U.S. Army 5th Special Forces near Chi Lang, in southern South Vietnam....
;Week of September 10 Week of
September 10
Between September 4 and September 12, 1967, multiple North Vietnamese Army regiments laid siege to the vital U.S. Marine Corps base on Con Thien, a hill just two miles...
Week of September 3 Week of
September 3
On September 5, 1961, Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara informed the service secretaries that he planned to establish a new command, under the Military Assistance...
Week of August 27 Week of
August 27
On August 23, 1966, the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division launched Operation AMARILLO, a search-and-destroy and road security operation in III Corps, covering parts....
Week of August 20 Week of
August 20
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Week of August 13 Week of
August 13
Between August 9 and 11, 1968, U.S. Army Sergeant Robert Woods and his team of "tunnel rats" from the 1st Infantry Division achieved one of the most important successes...
Week of August 6 Week of
August 6
In August of 1966 Naval aviators of Helicopter Combat Support Squadron One (HC-1)began flying UH-1 “Huey” helicopters in III Corps and IV Corps over the twisting waterways of the...
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July 30
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Week of July 23 Week of
July 23
On July 24, 1965, F-105 Thunderchiefs were attacking an explosives factory in North Vietnam. A flight of four F-4C Phantoms provided air cover while and EB-66 Destroyer...
Week of July 16 Week of
July 16
The area around Da Nang, especially military installations, was subject to rocket attacks since that February. The area the rockets were fired from was called the "Rocket Belt". ...
Week of July 9 Week of
July 9
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Week of July 2 Week of
July 2
Operation Thor, the joint mission to attack and destroy North Vietnamese long-range artillery facing the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), coast artillery batteries, antiaircraft positions, and staging areas for infiltration, supplies and transport, took place July 1 - 7, 1968....
Week of June 25 Week of
June 25
In 1967 this was the first full week of Operation GREELEY in the Central Highlands of II Corps. Two battalions of the 173rd Airborne Brigade, 1st and 2nd Battalions of the 503rd Infantry Regiment, were sent to Dak To to stave off attacks on a Special Forces camp. On...
Week of June 18 Week of
June 18
On June 18, 1965, the first ARC LIGHT Mission was flown by 30 U.S Air Force B-52 Bombers. It was flown against Viet Cong targets near Ben Cat north of Saigon. ARC LIGHT missions were distinguished from other missions by their need for a high degree of accuracy to hit well...
Week of June 11 Week of
June 11
On June 9, 1965 at 11:30P.M. elements of the Viet Cong 762nd and 763rd Regiments totaling at least 1,500 men attacked a Special Forces camp of the 5th Special Forces Group at Dong Xoai, and the adjacent district headquarters. The Defenders included eleven....
Week of June 4 Week of
June 4
On June 1, 1967, Task Force 117, the Mobile Riverine Force, became operational. It was a joint U.S. Army-Navy task force whose goal was to search out and eliminate Viet Cong elements in the waterways of the Mekong Delta. During operations, Navy gunboats...
Week of May 28 Week of
May 28
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Week of May 21 Week of
May 21
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Week of May 14 Week of
May 14
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Week of April 30 Week of
April 30
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Week of April 23 Week of
April 23
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Week of April_16 Week of
April 16
On April 17, 1956, three U.S. Army women nurses arrived in Saigon as part of a medical training team assigned to the U.S. Military Assistance and Advisory Group, Vietnam....
Week of April 9 Week of
April 9
At the end of 1964, with direct U.S. participation in combat operations poised to begin, there were about 23,000 U.S. forces in Vietnam. In less than five years, by the first...
Week of April 2 Week of
April 2
By the end of March 1972, there were fewer than 70,000 U.S. troops in Vietnam (after peaking in 1969 at over 540,000). Following President Richard Nixon's "Vietnamization"...
Week of March 26 Week of
March 26
On March 26, 1964, Air Force Captain Richard L. Whitesides and Army Special Forces Captain Floyd J. Thompson were conducting a reconnaissance mission aboard a small...
Week of March 19 Week of
March 19
In late February 1965, a U.S. helicopter pilot spotted a 130-foot North Vietnamese vessel anchored in South Vietnam's Vung Ro Bay. Investigators discovered the ship was carrying...
Week of March 12 Week of
March 12
As the United States commenced a bombing campaign against North Vietnam, American leaders grew concerned about the possibility of Communist retaliation against U.S....
Week of March 5 Week of
March 5
On March 2, 1965, U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps aircraft commenced the bombing of military, industrial, and infrastructure targets in North Vietnam. Called...
Week of February 12 Week of
February 12
On February 12, 1973, a group of American prisoners of war (POWs) lifted off from Hanoi's Gia Lam Airport, in North Vietnam, aboard a U.S. Air Force C-141 Starlifter. These men...

 

Week of May 2

Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge, U.S. Marine Corps
Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge, U.S. Marine Corps (VVMF)

Corporal Charles McMahon, Jr., U.S. Marine Corps
Corporal Charles McMahon, Jr., U.S. Marine Corps (VVMF)

Captain William C. Nystul, U.S. Marine Corps
Captain William C. Nystul, U.S. Marine Corps (VVMF)

First Lieutenant Michael J. Shea, U.S. Marine Corps
First Lieutenant Michael J. Shea, U.S. Marine Corps (VVMF)

U.S. Marines preparing to board a CH-46 Sea Knight helicoptor on the deck of the USS Monticello (LSD-35), March 21, 1967.
U.S. Marines preparing to board a CH-46 Sea Knight helicopter on the deck of the USS Monticello (LSD-35), March 21, 1967. (U.S. Navy)

U.S. servicemen push a South Vietnamese helicopter over the side of the USS Okinawa, which had just evacuated five Vietnamese refugees from Saigon, to make room on the crowded flight deck for more aircraft, April 29, 1975.
U.S. servicemen push a South Vietnamese helicopter over the side of the USS Okinawa, which had just evacuated five Vietnamese refugees from Saigon, to make room on the crowded flight deck for more aircraft, April 29, 1975. (U.S. Marine Corps)

An aircraft burns on the runway at Tan Son Nhut Air Base after being hit by North Vietnamese artillery fire, April 29, 1975.
An aircraft burns on the runway at Tan Son Nhut Air Base after being hit by North Vietnamese artillery fire, April 29, 1975. (U.S. Marine Corps)

South Vietnamese refugees walk across the deck of an American vessel after evacuating from Saigon, April 29, 1975.
South Vietnamese refugees walk across the deck of an American vessel after evacuating from Saigon, April 29, 1975. (National Archives)